| Executive Summary Botswana's per capita carbon emissions of 650.7 kg is less than the 1990 global average of 1,130 kg C/cap but almost double the sustainable objective of 339 kg C/cap. Therefore the calculated vector value of 0.39 is above the sustainability figure of 0, hence more needs to be done if this target is to be achieved. Between 1990 and 2000 the vector value increased by 86%, which means that the country is moving away from the sustainability objective.
The annual mean concentration of SO2 in Selibe Phikwe (at the secondary school) was found to be way beyond both the WHO and Government guidelines of 60 and 80 ug/m3 respectively. Between 1990 and 2000 there was a very small decrease (2%) in annual mean SO2 concentration. As a result the vector value for 2000 is more than 1 (i.e. 1.79).
Between 1993 and 2001 there has been a significant increase (167%) in access to electricity although the current national level of 24% is still far below the ideal level of 100% access by households.
Investment in clean energy is low at 1.6% of the total investment in energy although between 1990 and 2000 there was an increase of 60%. The current level of investment in clean energy is way off the sustainability objective of 95%. Consequently the vector value of 0.99 is far from the sustainable value of 0.
Botswana is heavily dependent on energy imports, which makes her vulnerable to supply interruptions and price fluctuations. All petroleum products requirements are met through imports and more than 50% of electricity supply is imported. This is reflected in the vector value of 0.55, which is significantly higher than the sustainability value of 0.
Government investment in non-renewable energy as a percentage of GDP is low which means that the government is spending less on energy. This is the only indicator which is reasonably close to the sustainable value. However this does not mean that government is spending more on renewable energy or energy efficiency and it might be that the government is under-investing in the energy sector. The low access to electricity, particularly in rural areas, is reflective of the low investment in energy. Therefore this indicator must also be viewed together with the level of investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy, which happens to be low.
Energy consumption per GDP provides a useful measure of a nation's progress in terms of obtaining more economic activity per unit of energy consumed. This is often achieved through energy efficiency. In the case of Botswana, whether using conventional GDP or GDP in PPP the vector value of 1.35 or 0.55 is above the sustainability objective value.
Renewable energy share of total primary energy supply is 30% which is above the 1994 global average of 8.64% but less than the desired objective of 95%. As a result the vector value is 0.75, way above the sustainability objective of 0.
Summary of the eight indicators is provided below :
| | Eight Indicators of Energy Sustainability for Botswana | | 1990 | 2000 | % change | | Metric | Vector | Metric | Vector | Metric | Vector | | 1.Carbon emissions | 506.21 | 0.21 | 650.7 | 0.39 | 29 | 86 | | 2.SO2 concentration | 100 | 1.83 | 98 | 1.79 | -2 | -2 | | 3.Households electrification | 9%* | 0.91* | 24% | 0.76 | 167 | -14 | | 4.Clean energy investment | 0.010 | | 0.016 | 0.99 | 60 | | | 5.Resilience: Energy Trade | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 24 | 24 | | 6.Government Investment | | | 0.0012 | 0.012 | | | | 7.Energy Intensity | | | 14.04(6.31) | 1.35(0.55) | | | | 8.Renewable energy | | | 0.3 | 0.75 | | |
(...... ) Calculations based on GDP (PPP)
*Data for 1993.
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Fig. 1. Primary Energy Supply - 2000 Fig. 2. Net Energy Supply - 2000 Fig. 3. Final Energy Demand - 2000
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