References
- 17 World Resources Institute (1998)
World Resources 1998-1999, p. 178, Washington, DC. The Montreal Protocol
phased out nearly all production of ozone-depleting substances in
developed countries in 1996 but permitted production and use in developing
countries to increase until 1999 with a gradual phase-out until 2010.
- 18 See Bossel, Hartmut (1998), Indicators
for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications, a report
to the Balaton Group, International Institute for Sustainable Development,
Winnipeg, Canada, "http://iisd.ca" for a useful discussion of orientor
star construction for displaying changes in a set of indicators.
- 19 Houghton, J. T. et al eds
(1996), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
p. xi.
- 20World Resources Institute (1998),
World Resources 1998-1999, pp. 67-72. McMichael, A. J. et
al eds (1996), Climate Change and World Health, World Health
Organisation, Geneva. And Watson, Robert T., Marufu C. Zinyowera,
and Richard H. Moss (1996), Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations,
and Mitigation of Climate Change, International Panel on Climate
Change, published by Cambridge University Press.
- 21In Article 2 of United Nations (1992),
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Geneva,
"http://www.unfccc.org". Article 2 continues: "Such a level should
be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to
adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production
is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in
a sustainable manner."
- 22IPCC members' estimates.
- 23These Tier One (mostly OECD) countries
have varying commitments ranging from -8% for the European Union as
a whole, -7% for the United States, -6% for Japan and Canada, zero
percent for New Zealand, Russia, and Ukraine, +1% for Norway, and
+8% for Australia. United Nations (1997), Kyoto Protocol to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Article
3; available via "http://www.unfccc.de".
- 24Marland, Gregg, Tom Boden, Antoinette
Brenkert, Bob Andres, and Cathy Johnston (1999), Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center (CDIAC) data available at "http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends".
- 25"Net emissions from changes in tropical
land-use" total 1.6 ± 1.0 GtC/yr ˜ 29% (aver. 1980-89). Houghton,
J. T. et al eds (1996), Climate Change 1995: The Science
of Climate Change, op. cit., p. 17. The current global net is
probably lower due to northern hemisphere forest regrowth and lower
rates of tropical land clearing.
- 26Houghton, J. T. et al eds
(1996), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change,
op. cit., p. xi.²
- 27Meaning: (your value X minus 339
kg/cap) divided by 791 kg/cap = your country's vector value.
- 28U.S. CO2 emissions 1995 including
bunkers but not cement manufacturing = 1.49706 trillion kg carbon
divided by a population of 267.2 million (regression from 1998 data
minus 0.8% per year; verify in U. S. Bu-reau of Census, 1998, Statistics
of the United States). Carbon data from WRI (1998), World Resources
1998-1999, p. 344.
- 29 Albania, same methodology and sources:
0.4767 billion kg carbon divided by 3.383 million people = 141 kgC
per capita.
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