Indicator 5: Energy Resilience: Energy Trade
Instructions:
Enter
the following data:
For energy import-dependent countries (in petajoules, PJ):
1. Total non-renewable energy imports
- Total non-renewable energy imports in 1990:
= ________________
- Total non-renewable energy imports in
= Xim.= ________________
2. Total non-renewable energy consumption
- Total non-renewable energy consumption in 1990:
= ________________
- Total non-renewable energy consumption in
:
= Yim.= ________________
3. The metric is therefore = (#1 / #2)
- in 1990 = ________________
Please also provide the following additional data if available:
4. Total renewable energy imports:
- in 1990 = ________________
5. Total energy consumption
- in 1990 = ________________
For energy export-dependent countries (in Euros or your currency):
6. Total value of non-renewable energy exports:
- in 1990 = ________________
- in
= Yex.= ________________
8. The metric is therefore (#6 / #7):
- in 1990 = ________________
Please also provide the following additional data if available:
9. Total value of renewable energy exports:
- in 1990 = ________________
Calculating the vector value:
- For energy import-dependent countries:
This vector equals the metric calculated in point #3
above, namely (#1 / #2).
Formula: (Xim / Yim)
- For energy export-dependent countries:
This vector equals the metric calculated in point #8
above, namely (#6 / #7).
Formula: (Xex / Yex)
Actual calculation of the vector: For energy import-dependent
countries:
= (Xim / Yim)
= (
/
)
= ________________
Optional vector calculation for 1990:
= (Xim / Yim)
= (
/
)
= ________________
For energy export-dependent countries:
= (Xex ¸ Yex))
= (
/
)
= ________________
Optional vector calculation for 1990:
= (Xex ¸ Yex)
= (
/
)
= ________________
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General Discussion:
Most Significant Energy-Related Local Pollutant(s) Energy
import-dependent countries:
Vector:
- 1 : 100% non-renewable energy imports divided by non-renewable
energy consumption (in joules)
- 0 : zero% non-renewable energy imports divided by non-renewable
energy consumption (in joules)
Energy export-dependent countries: Vector:
- 1 : 100% non-renewable energy export value divided by value
of total exports (in currency units)
- 0 : zero% non-renewable energy export value divided by value
of total exports (in currency units)
Many countries are highly dependent on imported fuels for transportation,
buildings, and electric power generation. The threat of supply interruption
is real, primarily for unforeseeable political reasons but also
due to pipeline accidents, system vulnerabilities, embargoes, terrorism,
and civil strife. The more universal threat, of course, is the price
fluctuations that can destabilize both importing and exporting nations.
Ever more powerful extraction technologies and new discoveries have
lead to supplies of fossil fuels growing faster than consumption.
Indeed, contrary to price forecasts from less secure times, energy
prices have declined strongly in real terms since the mid-1970s.
Declining prices may be a boon to economic growth in importing
countries, but they also lead to increased consumption, import
reliance, pollution, poor capital investment decisions, and adverse
health impacts. The perception of lowered energy vulnerability
coupled with lower prices also decrease investment in domestic
resources, in energy efficiency to wring more useful work from
the energy used, and in local renewable energy supplies. For all
of these reasons, exports and imports of non-renewable energy
is a valuable indicator of economic sustainability.
Separate metrics were selected for import-dependent and export-dependent
countries. In order to provide a sustainability incentive for
net energy importers without pessimising imports of renewable
energy, imports of non-renewable energy are measured as a fraction
of non-renewable energy consumption. Importing countries can therefore
improve sustainability by reducing either imports or consumption
of non-renewables or increasing imports or consumption of renewable
energy. The units are in petajoules.
For export-dependent countries the currency value of exported
non-renewable energy is calculated as a fraction of the value
of total exports. The path to sustainability for energy exporters
is to increase the production and export of renewable energy.
SEW decided to not complicate the data-gathering and vector calculations
by not including exports and imports of energy services
and capital equipment in addition to the trade of fossil, nuclear,
and renewable fuels and electricity.
If there is doubt about whether your country is export-dependent
or import-dependent, refer to the Manual's Appendix E.
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Examples:
For an energy import-dependent country:
Non-renewable energy imports into the United States
totaled 23.51 EJ in 1997 (23.66 EJ minus 0.15 EJ hydro imports
from Canada), and non-renewable energy consumption totaled 82.53
EJ (plus 6.77 EJ of renewables). Hence, (23.51 ÷ 82.53)
= 0.285 is the 1997 vector value for the United States.
For two energy export-dependent countries: Norway
exported $17 billion worth of crude oil, petroleum products, and
natural gas in 1998 and $2.6 billion worth of hydroelectricity.
Total value of all exports was $47 billion. Hence, non-renewable
energy trade accounted for $17 billion ÷ $47 billion =
0.362 or 36.2% of total exports, making Norway's reliance
on fossil fuel exports low among energy exporting countries. Norway's
hydroelectric capacity is also an opportunity to increase international
sales of renewable electricity by improving domestic electric
efficiency.
Saudi Arabia exported $43.8 billion worth of oil and
petroleum products in 1997, while total exports were $50.1 billion,
for a vector value of 0.874, indicating high vulnerability
to price and demand fluctuations.
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